it.ava.kasra@gmail.comThere are entire books on the study of economics. There is no way to describe the entire field of study in this article. But here I will describe the heart of this field of study. These sample sentences are automatically selected from various online information sources to reflect the current use of the word “economy.” The opinions expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us your feedback. Microeconomics focuses on how consumers and businesses make decisions; These individual decision-making units can be a single person, a household, a company/organization, or a government agency. Microeconomics analyzes certain aspects of human behavior and tries to explain how they react to price changes and why they demand what they do at certain price levels. Microeconomics attempts to explain how and why different goods are valued differently, how individuals make financial decisions, and how individuals best act, coordinate, and cooperate with each other. Topics in microeconomics range from the dynamics of supply and demand to the efficiency and costs associated with the production of goods and services; This includes how work is divided and distributed; how businesses are organized and operate; and how people deal with uncertainty, risk and strategic game theory. Macroeconomics looks at the economy on a larger scale. Examples of potential problems that could be studied in macroeconomics include factors that affect a country`s prosperity and GDP, as well as trade imbalances and negotiations.
Someone in this area can also look for the reasons why countries are entering recession or depression. According to the Library of Economics and Liberty, Arrow, who died in 2017, did a great job on the economics of uncertainty, which remains a standard source for other economists. While economics is largely associated with money, it also involves weighing various choices or alternatives, many of which do not involve monetary issues, according to the Library of Economics and Freedom. Despite this view, economics has been pejoratively called “dark science,” a term coined in 1849 by Scottish historian Thomas Carlyle. He used it to criticize the liberal views on race and social equality of contemporary economists such as John Stuart Mill, although some commentators suggest that Carlyle actually described Thomas Robert Malthus` gloomy predictions that population growth would always exceed the food supply. Macroeconomics studies the behavior of the economy as a whole, including inflation, price levels, growth rate, national income, gross domestic product, and changes in employment rates. Some of the important questions that American economists are trying to answer are, “Why are so many people underemployed in a country as rich as the United States?” and “Who determines how much money circulates in the United States?” From politicians and educators to journalists and urban planners, a deep understanding of macroeconomics has a strong impact on leadership, decision-making, and the ability to plan for a prosperous social future. To address this need, the Department of Economics has developed a multidisciplinary program that prepares students to seamlessly maneuver from one area of interest to another. Two of the most common in macroeconomics are monetarists and Keynesians.
Monetarists are a branch of Keynesian economics that holds that stable monetary policy is the best way to manage the economy, and who otherwise often have a generally positive view of free markets as the best way to allocate resources. In contrast, other Keynesian approaches favor the fiscal policy of an activist government to manage irrational market fluctuations and recessions, believing that markets often do not function well when it comes to allocating resources on their own. One of the first recorded economic thinkers was the 8th century Greek peasant and poet Hesiod in the nineteenth century. C century, who wrote that labor, materials and time must be used effectively to overcome scarcity. But the foundation of modern Western economics took place much later, which is generally attributed to the publication of Scottish philosopher Adam Smith`s 1776 book, An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. In primitive agrarian societies, people tend to produce all their own needs and desires at the household or tribal level. Families and tribes built their own houses, cultivated their own crops, hunted their own game, made their own clothes, baked their own bread, etc. This economic system is characterized by a very low division of labor and the resulting low productivity, a high degree of vertical integration of production processes within the household or village for the goods produced, and mutual exchange based on relationships within and between families or tribes instead of market transactions. In such a primitive society, the concepts of private property and resource decision-making often apply to a more collective level of family or tribal ownership of productive resources and shared wealth. The premise (and problem) of economics is that people have unlimited needs and occupy a world of limited resources.
For this reason, the concepts of efficiency and productivity are considered a priority by economists. Increased productivity and more efficient use of resources, they argue, could lead to a higher standard of living. Economics is a social science with parts in many other fields, including political science, geography, mathematics, sociology, psychology, engineering, law, medicine, and economics. The central task of the economy is to determine the most logical and efficient use of resources to achieve private and social goals. Production and employment, investment and savings, health, money and banking, government policies on taxes and spending, international trade, industrial organization and regulation, urbanization, environmental issues, and legal issues (such as the design and enforcement of property rights) are just some of the concerns at the heart of the economy. Your answer will largely determine which parts of the economy you find interesting and which ones will irritate you the most! Stock market: One of the biggest examples of economics is the stock market. The stock exchange is a place where people can buy and sell shares of listed companies. There are stock markets in almost every developed country in the world.
An economist studies the stock market and finds out what is pushing it up or down. It is obvious that it is necessary to understand the economic aspect of the decisions made by the farmer, the company or the owner of the resources, but it is also important to understand the overall situation of agriculture and the impact of the environment on the national economy as a whole, as well as its impact in an international context. The economics of the individual agent`s decisions about resources is called microeconomics, while macroeconomics examines interactions in the economy as a whole. We focus on microeconomic theory. At the highest level – and even this is perhaps a slight simplification – there are two branches of the study of economics: economists use many different research methods, from logical deduction to pure data mining. Economic theory often progresses through deductive processes, including mathematical logic, where the implications of certain human activities are considered in an “intermediate” framework. This type of economy concludes, for example, that it is more efficient for individuals or companies to specialize in certain types of work and then act on their other needs or desires, rather than trying to produce everything they need or want themselves. It also shows that trading is most effective when coordinated by a medium of exchange or money. The economic laws thus derived are usually very general and do not give specific results: they may say that profits encourage new competitors to enter a market, but not necessarily how many will. Nevertheless, they provide important information for understanding the behavior of financial markets, governments, economies – and the human decisions behind these entities. After writing the five-volume series An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in 1776, Adam Smith became known as the “father of economics.” In the book, Smith defends his theory that nations gain wealth and function best when people are free to use their skills and capital for their own benefit.
I would like to use a set of simple examples to demonstrate these fundamental economic principles in practice. Economics is a social science that deals with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. It examines how individuals, businesses, governments and nations make decisions about resource allocation. Economics focuses on people`s actions, based on the assumption that people act with rational behavior and seek the most optimal level of benefit or advantage. The building blocks of economics are the study of labor and commerce. Since there are many uses of human labor and many different ways of acquiring resources, it is the job of economics to determine which methods yield the best results. .
